Home
Regional Climate Indicators Africa Asia South America North America, Central America and the Caribbean Southwest Pacific Europe Arab League

Arab League

Annual Regional mean temperature for League of Arab States (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Arab League

Annual Regional mean temperature for League of Arab States (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Regional mean temperature for North African Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

North Africa LAS

Annual Regional mean temperature for North African Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Regional mean temperature for East African Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

East Africa LAS

Annual Regional mean temperature for East African Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Regional mean temperature for Middle East Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Middle East LAS

Annual Regional mean temperature for Middle East Arab Countries (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) from 1900-2023. Data are from the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Region definitions. Area within each region is indicated in red.

LAS Region definitions

Region definitions. Area within each region is indicated in red.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Figure shows the trends for four sub-periods (1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2023. Coloured bars show the mean trend for each region and the black vertical lines indicate the range of different estimates.

Regional trends LAS

Figure shows the trends for four sub-periods (1901-1930, 1931-1960, 1961-1990 and 1991-2023. Coloured bars show the mean trend for each region and the black vertical lines indicate the range of different estimates.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Near surface temperature anomaly (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Temperature anomaly map LAS

Annual Near surface temperature anomaly (°C, difference from the 1991-2020 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Annual Near surface temperature uncertainty (°C) for 2023. Data shown are the half-range of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map LAS

Annual Near surface temperature uncertainty (°C) for 2023. Data shown are the half-range of the following six data sets: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, NOAAGlobalTemp.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Monthly 12-month Precipitation Quantile anomaly (quantile, difference from the 1991-2010 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following one data sets: GPCC.

Precipitation percentile map LAS

Monthly 12-month Precipitation Quantile anomaly (quantile, difference from the 1991-2010 average) for 2023. Data shown are the median of the following one data sets: GPCC.

Image: png-pdf-svg
Formatted data: csv (format)
References and processing

Key messages

Regional mean temperature for League of Arab States

The year 2023 was ranked between the 1st and 3rd highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.83°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.68-0.97°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.66°C (1.52-1.76°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Regional mean temperature for North African Arab Countries

The year 2023 was ranked between the 1st and 4th highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.83°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.67-0.98°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.66°C (1.47-1.82°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Regional mean temperature for East African Arab Countries

The year 2023 was ranked between the 1st and 3rd highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.71°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.43-1.00°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.40°C (1.17-1.59°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Regional mean temperature for Middle East Arab Countries

The year 2023 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.90°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.82-0.97°C depending on the data set used). 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2023 was 1.82°C (1.63-1.92°C depending on the data set used). 5 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2024-02-08 11:47

Dataset and processing details

Arab League

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Arab_League_data_files.zip
Checksum: 3125eb8786464777e0cacbe52acac594
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:19']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:43)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:43']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:20']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:23']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:54']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:42']

North Africa LAS

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: North_Africa_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: a74a39b9bc888e8a03a8c06cddaeb108
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:21']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:44)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:44']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:22']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:25']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:54']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:44']

East Africa LAS

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: East_Africa_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: e2391ea2333adeff432c5338282fc416
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:24']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:44)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:44']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:23']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:28']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:55']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:46']

Middle East LAS

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Middle_East_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: ca8bbbef17f2dd3b42fa2b83fc217e5f
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:26']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:45)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:45']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:24']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:30']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:56']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:49']

LAS Region definitions

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: LAS_Region_definitions_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

Regional trends LAS

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Regional_trends_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: 7e22491fc42cf7e74470c54ba2e41c4b
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:19']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:43)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:43']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:20']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:23']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:54']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_1_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_1_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:42']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:21']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:44)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:44']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:22']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:25']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:54']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_2_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_2_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:44']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:24']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:44)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:44']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:23']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:28']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:55']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_3_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_3_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:46']

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_Berkeley Earth.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:26']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-17 11:06:45)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2024.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_ERA5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:06:45']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:07:24']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-15 11:56:27 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2024-01-15 11:56:27']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:30']

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_JRA-55.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_JRA-55.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:08:56']

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']"
  • "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
  • "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
  • "Calculated area-average"
  • "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
  • "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2023."
  • "Wrote to file arab_subregion_4_NOAA Interim.csv"
  • Data set created from file ['arab_subregion_4_NOAA Interim.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-17 11:10:49']

Temperature anomaly map LAS

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map LAS

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
  • Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation: Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
  • Rebaselined to 1991-2020
  • Calculated annual average
  • Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
  • Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
  • Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Precipitation percentile map LAS

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Precipitation_percentile_map_LAS_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c
Format: BADC CSV format

GPCC

Original data file (external link)

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

  • Gridded dataset created from file ['gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/GPCC/GPCC_Quantile/Last12Month/gpcc_quantile_12month_*-YYYYMMMM.nc.gz']
  • Selected single month 12/2023

Page created on 2024-02-08 using climind v1.0