Introduction

A key indicator of climate change is the global mean temperature. Global mean temperature measures the change in temperature near the surface of the Earth and averaged across its surface. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are the primary driver of the long-term increase in global mean temperature.

The Paris Agreement aims to hold the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels and pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, recognizing that this would significantly reduce the risks and impacts of climate change. The Paris Agreement is generally understood to refer to long-term changes in temperature, so a single year that exceeds 1.5°C would not necessarily signal a breach of the threshold.

Warming of the Earth is not the same everywhere. The land has warmed more rapidly than the ocean and the rate of warming has been highest in the Arctic, which has warmed around two to four times faster than the global mean depending on the time period chosen.

What the IPCC says

A.1.2 Each of the last four decades has been successively warmer than any decade that preceded it since 1850. Global surface temperature in the first two decades of the 21st century (2001-2020) was 0.99 [0.84 to 1.10] °C higher than 1850-1900. Global surface temperature was 1.09 [0.95 to 1.20] °C higher in 2011-2020 than 1850-1900, with larger increases over land (1.59 [1.34 to 1.83] °C) than over the ocean (0.88 [0.68 to 1.01] °C). The estimated increase in global surface temperature since AR5 is principally due to further warming since 2003-2012 (+0.19 [0.16 to 0.22] °C). Additionally, methodological advances and new datasets contributed approximately 0.1°C to the updated estimate of warming in AR6.

A.1.3 The likely range of total human-caused global surface temperature increase from 1850-1900 to 2010-2019 is 0.8°C to 1.3°C, with a best estimate of 1.07°C. It is likely that well-mixed GHGs contributed a warming of 1.0°C to 2.0°C, other human drivers (principally aerosols) contributed a cooling of 0.0°C to 0.8°C, natural drivers changed global surface temperature by -0.1°C to +0.1°C, and internal variability changed it by -0.2°C to +0.2°C. It is very likely that well-mixed GHGs were the main driver of tropospheric warming since 1979 and extremely likely that human-caused stratospheric ozone depletion was the main driver of cooling of the lower stratosphere between 1979 and the mid-1990s.

Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2023 was ranked the 1st warmest on record. The anomaly for 2023 was 1.45 [1.32 to 1.57]°C relative to the 1850-1900 average 6 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-55, and NOAAGlobalTemp.

Paragraph updated: 2024-03-21 10:13

Global mean sea-surface temperature

The year 2023 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.45°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.43-0.47°C depending on the data set used). 2 data sets were used in this assessment: ERSST and HadSST4.

The year 2022 was ranked between the 6th and 7th highest on record. The mean value for 2022 was 0.21°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.19-0.23°C depending on the data set used). 2 data sets were used in this assessment: ERSST and HadSST4.

Paragraph updated: 2024-03-21 10:13

Global mean land temperature

The year 2023 was ranked the 1st highest on record. The mean value for 2023 was 0.77°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.73-0.83°C depending on the data set used). 3 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, CRUTEM5, and GHCNv4.

The year 2022 was ranked between the 6th and 8th highest on record. The mean value for 2022 was 0.38°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.30-0.48°C depending on the data set used). 3 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth, CRUTEM5, and GHCNv4.

Paragraph updated: 2024-03-21 10:13

Dataset and processing details

Global mean temperature

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Global_mean_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 5115d46e92aebc05bb53d8b92ead20a1 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Land_and_Ocean_complete.txt'] at ['2024-01-17 10:10:45']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2024-01-05 08:43:31)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2024]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['ts_1month_anomaly_Global_ERA5_2t_202312_1991-2020_v01.1.csv'] downloaded from ['https://climate.copernicus.eu/sites/default/files/ftp-data/temperature/2023/12/ERA5_1991-2020/ts_1month_anomaly_Global_ERA5_2t_202312_1991-2020_v01.1.csv'] at ['2024-01-05 08:43:31']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-06 11:31:29 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/tabledata_v4/GLB.Ts+dSST.csv'] at ['2024-01-06 11:31:29']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2024-01-10 16:55:47 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/diagnostics/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2024-01-10 16:55:47', '2023-12-27 19:14:45']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['JRA-55_tmp2m_global_ts_Clim8110.txt'] downloaded from [''] at ['2024-01-05 11:44:00']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:10:47].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.202312.asc', 'aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land_ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.202312.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land_ocean.90S.90N.*.asc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:10:47']
• Rebaselined to 1981-2010 for each month separately by calculating the arithmetic mean of the data over the baseline period and subtracting the mean from all data values. This is done for each month separately (Januarys, Februarys etc).
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.
• Added offset of 0.69 to all data values.
• Manually changed baseline to 1850-1900. Note that data values remain unchanged.

Land air temperature

Land surface air temperature is the temperature of air approximately 2m above the surface. It is measured at weather stations around the world. The thermometers used are typically housed in screens that shield the thermometer from direct sunlight, while allowing air to circulate freely.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Land_air_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: be207db406619fee41fe3adddb9b0676 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469–3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Complete_TAVG_complete.txt'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Complete_TAVG_complete.txt'] at ['2024-01-16 13:53:11']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.

CRUTEM5

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Osborn, T. J., P. D. Jones, D. H. Lister, C. P. Morice, I. R. Simpson and I. C. Harris (2020), Land surface air temperature variations across the globe updated to 2019: the CRUTEM5 dataset, J. Geophys. Res. doi: 10.1029/2019JD032352.

Acknowledgement: CRUTEM.5.0.2.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5 on 2024-01-16 13:56:13 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['CRUTEM.5.0.2.0.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'CRUTEM.5.0.2.0.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5/data/CRUTEM.5.0.1.0/diagnostics/CRUTEM.5.0.2.0.summary_series.global.monthly.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/crutem5/data/CRUTEM.5.0.1.0/diagnostics/CRUTEM.5.0.2.0.summary_series.global.annual.csv'] at ['2024-01-16 13:56:13', '2024-01-16 13:56:15']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.

GHCNv4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Menne, M. J., C. N. Williams, B.E. Gleason, J. J Rennie, and J. H. Lawrimore, 2018: The Global Historical Climatology Network Monthly Temperature Dataset, Version 4. J. Climate, in press. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0094.1.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.land.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc', 'aravg.ann.land.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.land.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.land.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc'] at ['2024-01-17 11:50:13']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.

Sea-surface temperature

Sea-surface temperature (SST) is the temperature of the surface ocean, typically measured in the upper metre, or metres of the ocean, by ships, buoys and satellites.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Sea-surface_temperature_data_files.zip
Checksum: 3f0f65c68e67c5b7756af49b137b0cd8 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

ERSST

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Huang, B., Peter W. Thorne, et. al, 2017: Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature version 5 (ERSSTv5), Upgrades, validations, and intercomparisons. J. Climate, doi: 10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0836.1.

Data citation: Boyin Huang, Peter W. Thorne, Viva F. Banzon, Tim Boyer, Gennady Chepurin, Jay H. Lawrimore, Matthew J. Menne, Thomas M. Smith, Russell S. Vose, and Huai-Min Zhang (2017): NOAA Extended Reconstructed Sea Surface Temperature (ERSST), Version 5. [indicate subset used]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi:10.7289/V5T72FNM [2024-01-17 11:48:53].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc', 'aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.mon.ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc', 'https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/timeseries/aravg.ann.ocean.90S.90N.v5.1.0.2024MMMM.asc'] at ['2024-01-17 11:48:53']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.

HadSST4

Original data file (external link) Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Atkinson, C. P., and Killick, R. E. (2019). An ensemble data set of sea-surface temperature change from 1850: the Met Office Hadley Centre HadSST.4.0.0.0 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 124. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029867.

Acknowledgement: HadSST.4.0.1.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4 on 2024-01-16 13:54:49 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2024, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['HadSST.4.0.1.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/csv/HadSST.4.0.1.0_monthly_GLOBE.csv', 'https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadsst4/data/csv/HadSST.4.0.1.0_annual_GLOBE.csv'] at ['2024-01-16 13:54:49', '2024-01-16 13:54:49']
• Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020 by subtracting the arithemtic mean for that period from all data values.
• Selected years within the range 1850 to 2023.

Temperature anomaly map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Temperature anomaly uncertainty map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_uncertainty_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

Temperature anomaly rank map

Global mean temperature is based on measurements made at weather stations over land and by ships and buoys over the ocean. Temperatures are typically expressed as anomalies which are temperature differences from the average for a standard period. Here, 1850-1900 is used for the global mean. Instrumental temperature records are some of the longest climate records available, with some series extending back to the 17th century.

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: Temperature_anomaly_rank_map_data_files.zip
Checksum: 76cdb2bad9582d23c1f6f4d868218d6c Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] downloaded from ['https://berkeley-earth-temperature.s3.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/Global/Gridded/Land_and_Ocean_LatLong1.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:03']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['Berkeley Earth_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on AAAA)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [YYYY]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_YYYY.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file ERA5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['ERA5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2024-01-15 11:20:46 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:46']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file GISTEMP_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['GISTEMP_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.VVVV data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on AAAA and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office YYYY, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.0.2.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file HadCRUT5_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['HadCRUT5_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

JRA-55

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kobayashi, S., Ota, Y., Harada, Y., Ebita, A., Moriya, M., Onoda, H., Onogi, K., Kamahori, H., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H. and Miyaoka, K., (2015). The JRA-55 reanalysis: General specifications and basic characteristics. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, 93(1), pp.5-48..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.011_tmp.202401_202412', 'anl_surf125.2024MMMM'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2024-01-15 11:20:51']
• Regridded to 5 degree latitude-longitude resolution
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file JRA-55_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['JRA-55_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023

NOAAGlobalTemp

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Vose, R.S., B. Huang, X. Yin., D. Arndt, D.R. Easterling, J.H. Lawrimore, M.J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, H.-M. Zhang, 2021: Implementing full spatial coverage in NOAA’s global temperature analysis. Geophysical Research Letters, 48, e2020GL090873. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GL090873.

Data citation: R. S. Vose, B. Huang, X. Yin, D. Arndt, D. R. Easterling, J. H. Lawrimore, M. J. Menne, A. Sanchez-Lugo, and H. M. Zhang (2022): NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.1 [Global Mean]. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. doi.org/10.25921/2tj4-0e21 [2024-01-17 10:19:08].

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v5.1/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2024-01-17 10:19:08']
• Rebaselined to 1991-2020
• Calculated annual average
• Wrote to file NOAA Interim_5x5.nc
• Gridded dataset created from file ['NOAA Interim_5x5.nc'] downloaded from ['']
• Selected year range 1850 to 2023
• Selected year range 2023 to 2023